| Name |
Translit. |
Value (IPA) |
Contextual forms |
Isolated |
| End |
Middle |
Beginning |
| ’alif |
’ / ā |
various,
including /aː/ [a] |
ـا |
ـا |
ا |
ا |
| bā’ |
b |
/b/
(sometimes /p/ in loanwords)[b] |
ـب |
ـبـ |
بـ |
ب |
| tā’ |
t |
/t/ |
ـت |
ـتـ |
تـ |
ت |
| thā’ |
th (also ṯ) |
/θ/ |
ـث |
ـثـ |
ثـ |
ث |
| jīm |
j (also ǧ, g) |
[d͡ʒ] ~ [ʒ] ~ [ɡ] [c] |
ـج |
ـجـ |
جـ |
ج |
| ḥā’ |
ḥ |
/ħ/ |
ـح |
ـحـ |
حـ |
ح |
| khā’ |
kh (also ḫ) |
/x/ |
ـخ |
ـخـ |
خـ |
خ |
| dāl |
d |
/d/ |
ـد |
ـد |
د |
د |
| dhāl |
dh (also ḏ) |
/ð/ |
ـذ |
ـذ |
ذ |
ذ |
| rā’ |
r |
/r/ |
ـر |
ـر |
ر |
ر |
| zayn / zāy |
z |
/z/ |
ـز |
ـز |
ز |
ز |
| sīn |
s |
/s/ |
ـس |
ـسـ |
سـ |
س |
| shīn |
sh (also š) |
/ʃ/ |
ـش |
ـشـ |
شـ |
ش |
| ṣād |
ṣ |
/sˤ/ |
ـص |
ـصـ |
صـ |
ص |
| ḍād |
ḍ |
/dˤ/ |
ـض |
ـضـ |
ضـ |
ض |
| ṭā’ |
ṭ |
/tˤ/ |
ـط |
ـطـ |
طـ |
ط |
| ẓā’ |
ẓ |
[ðˤ] ~ [zˤ] |
ـظ |
ـظـ |
ظـ |
ظ |
| ‘ayn |
‘ |
/ʕ/ |
ـع |
ـعـ |
عـ |
ع |
| ghayn |
gh (also ġ) |
/ɣ/
(sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـغ |
ـغـ |
غـ |
غ |
| fā’ |
f |
/f/
(sometimes /v/ in loanwords)[b] |
ـف |
ـفـ |
فـ |
ف [d] |
| qāf |
q |
/q/
(sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـق |
ـقـ |
قـ |
ق [d] |
| kāf |
k |
/k/
(sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـك |
ـكـ |
كـ |
ك |
| lām |
l |
/l/ |
ـل |
ـلـ |
لـ |
ل |
| mīm |
m |
/m/ |
ـم |
ـمـ |
مـ |
م |
| nūn |
n |
/n/ |
ـن |
ـنـ |
نـ |
ن |
| hā’ |
h |
/h/ |
ـه |
ـهـ |
هـ |
ه |
| wāw |
w / ū / aw |
/w/, /uː/, /aw/,
sometimes /u/, /o/, and /oː/ in loanwords |
ـو |
ـو |
و |
و |
| yā’ |
y / ī / ay |
/j/, /iː/, /aj/,
sometimes /i/, /e/, and /eː/ in loanwords |
ـي |
ـيـ |
يـ |
ي |
